brain protected by skull

spinal cord protected by backbone

meninges cover

blood-brain barrier prevent entry to cns

meningitis

encephalitis

branches from cns

sensory nerves

motor nerves

bacterial meningitis

tetanus

botulism

leprosy

bacteria

viruses

fungi

protozoa

three major bacteria

Clostridium tetani infects wound

anaerobic

deep unclean wounds

neurotoxin

contraction of jaw muscles

tetanospasmin

spasm result in death

Clostridium botulinum grows in foods

non acidic

anaerobic

neurotoxin inhibits nerve impulses

blurred vision

paralysis

respiratory and cardiac failure

not highly contageous

primarily in tropics

poliomyelitis

rabies

arboreal encephalitis

poliovirus only in humans

headaches

sore throat

fever

stiffness in back

less than 1% paralysis

transmitted in feces contaminated water

vaccines will eliminate

rhabdovirus

encephalitis usually fatal

inhalation

minute skin abrasions

bite of rabid animal

chills

headache

fever

coma

cryptococcosis... fungal

sleeping sickness...protozoan

Naegleria meningoenchephalitis ...protozoan

sheep scrapie...prion

Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease...prion

kuru...prion

heart...circulates blood

blood...plasma and cells

blood vessels... carry blood

interstitial fluid surrounds tissue cells

then enters lymph capillaries and becomes lymph

lymphatics return lymph to blood

lymph nodes contain macrophages, B cells, and T cells

septicemia

puerperal sepsis

heart infections

rheumatic fever

anthrax

gangrene

tuleremia

brucellosis

plague

relapsing fever

lyme disease

typhus

growth of microbes in blood

inflamed lymph vessels

gram negative rods

endotoxin

septic shock

decreased blood pressure

uterine infection

follows childbirth or abortion

aseptic techniques control

Staphylococcus aureus causes endocarditis

fever

anemia

heart murmur

destroy heart valves

arises from infection of tooth extraction

preexisting heart condition

autoimmune complication of strep infection

inflammation of heart

permanent damage maybe

may follow strep throat

rabbits are reservoir

handling or eating diseased rabbits

ulceration

septicemia

pneumonia

various species of Brucella

cattle

pigs

goats

camels

unpasteurized milk

fever each evening

This Is My Father’s World

Died of Brucellosis in Naples, Italy, 1901

Bacillus anthracis endospores from soil

grazing animals ingest endospores

humans acquire from animal hides

septicemia or pneumonia

loss of blood supply to soft tissue

causes death of cells

Clostridium infects nutients from gangreneous cells

amputation may result

Yersinia pestis carried by rat flea

rats are reservoir

bruises on skin and enlarged lymph nodes are bubonic plague

pneumonic plague in lungs

antibiotics must be promptly used to control

Borrelia (spirochete) carried by ticks

reservoir is rodents

fever

jaundice

rose-colored spots

recur 3 or 4 times

carried by tick

field mice are reservoir

U.S. Atlantic coast

Rickettsia species

carried by lice

fleas

ticks

rash

prolonged high fever

stupor

antibiotics control

Burkitt’s lymphoma

infectious mononucleosis

yellow fever

dengue

ebola

lassa fever

Epstein- Barr virus

patients weakened by malaria or AIDS

Epstein-Barr virus

multiplies in parotid glands

present in saliva and transmitted in

atypical lymphocytes

arbovirus

Aedes aegypti is vector

no treatment available

vaccine prevents

fever

chills

headache

nausea

jaundice

arbovirus

Aedes aegypti is vector

mosquito control

fever

muscle and joint pains

rash

ebola virus

first noticed in africa in 1960s

first in africa in 1969

rodent reservoir

spread in humans by body fluid contact

chagas disease

toxoplasmosis

malaria

Trypansoma cruzi carried by kissing bug

many wild animals are vectors

sexual reproduction in cats

cattle or other animals may ingest cat feces

humans contract from undercooked meat or cat feces

brain damage and vision problems

4 species of Plasmodium

Anopheles mosquito is vector

chill

fever

headache every 2 or 3 days

vaccine being developed

mosquito control

dr ewart

epidermis

dermis

stratum corneum... dead cells

basal cell layer... dividing cells

connective tissue

muscle tissue

blood vessels

hair follicles

sweat glands

protective cells

stratum corneum

sloughing

sebum

sweat

low pH

normal flora

low water content

leukocytes

antibodies

T lymphocytes

corticosteroids

androgens

moisture

obesity

invasive procedures

tight clothing

wounds

burns

diseases

malnutrition

cutaneous...

in epidermis

subcutaneous...

in dermis or fatty tissues

macule ...flat red lesion

papule... elevated red lesion

pustule… pus filled papule

vesicle...fluid and microbe blister

bulla…large vesicle

ulcer...ruptered vesicle

papilloma... wart caused by epithelial cell proliferation

pus producing pathogens

folliculitis

impetigo

cellulitis

staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome

carbuncle

furuncle

impetago

erysipelas

acne

viral infections

mycoses...

isn’t that the pitts?

Sebaceous secretions fill hair follicle

Bacteria produce fatty acids from sebum

Causes inflammation

Shingles

Measles

German Measles

Herpes

Slapped Cheek Syndrome

dermatophyte infections

candidiasis

rabies...rhabdovirus

rat-bite fever...Streptobacillus moniliformis

cat-scratch disease...Bartonella hensellae

plague

Lyme disease

rickettsial diseases

yellow fever

malaria... mosquito

leishmaniasis... sand fly

trypansomiasis ...tsetse fly

tetanus

gas gangrene

AIDS

burn wound infections

viral hepatitis

leprosy... Mycobacterium leprae

anthrax...B. anthracis

tularemia... Francisella tularensis

leptospirosis... Leptospira interrogans

trachoma

conjunctivitis

leading cause of blindness

bacterial or viral

less severe

dr ewart

mouth

esophagus

stomach

small intestine

large intestine

anus

salivary glands

liver

gall bladder

pancreas

defenses of the

digestive system

swallowing

peristalsis

mucous lining

epithelial sloughing

lysozyme

gastric juice

bile salts

normal flora

leukocytes

IgA

T lymphocytes

less stomach acid

gastrectomy

antacids

obstructions

tonsilectomy

antibiotic therapy

malnutrition

infancy

food

water

air

unwashed hands

soil

flies

fomites

Nonliving objects

can spread infection

intoxications

food poisons

preformed toxins

produced prior to ingestion

enterotoxins

alter physiology of intestinal tract

neurotoxins

affect nerve functions thru circulatory system

Clostridium botulinummost potent toxin known

inhibit nerve function

grow in food under anaerobic conditions

home canned foods

most common food poison in US

grow in vulnerable foods

vomiting and diarrhea

often not reported

Clostridium perfringens

Bacillus cereus

Pseudomonas cocovenans

death angel mushrooms

ergot of ryeAspergillus flavus

red tide

lethal neurotoxin

dental caries

periodontal disease

oral mucosa infections

plaque is source of dental caries

consists of dextran and embedded microbes

cements microbes to tooth surfaces

produced by Streptococcus mutans

made from dextrose...ordinary table sugar

fluoridated water prevents or reduces tooth decay

infection of soft tissues around teeth

caused by bacteria in spaces between teeth

may lead to tooth loss

flossing can best prevent

noninvasive disease of intestines

watery diarrhea, nausea, vomiting

caused by enterotoxins

may be caused by several different organisms

cholera... Vibrio cholerae

Escherichia coli

Clostridium perfringens

Clostridium botulinum

Clostridium difficule

bloody diarrhea

pathogens penetrate epithelium of intestines

locally invasive

may be caused by several different organisms

Shigella

Salmonella

Entamoeba histolytica

pathogen penetrates intestinal wall

goes into bloodstream

causes symptoms in other parts of body

typhoid

hepatitis

polio

toxoplasmosis

listeriosis

keep hands clean when preparing food

when infected avoid handling food

wash raw foods

cook foods completely

store foods properly

avoid contaminated foods

purification of water

pasteurization of milk

monitor food for pathogens

proper sewage disposal

control of carriers

vaccination

detect disease outbreaks

to be continued...

dr ewart

upper respiratory tract

lower respiratory tract

mechanical

chemical

microbial

cellular

immunologic

epiglottis

ciliated mucosa

nasal hairs

sneezing

coughing

interferon

lysozyme

normal flora

in urt only

alveolar macrophages

engulf particles and bacteria

secretory immunoglobulins

t lymphocytes

low humidity

chill

viral infection

antibiotic therapy

hay fever allergies

smoking

alcoholism

asbestos and silicon pollutants

respiratory therapy

tracheotomy

air pollutants

AIDS

general anesthesia

human reservoirs...most common

environmental reservoirs

animal reservoirs

respiratory droplets...airborne

droplet nuclei...formed from evaporation of respiratory droplets

direct contact

exudates from lesions

direct contact

exudates from lesions

soil pathogens

contaminated medical equipment

air conditioners

Q fever or anthrax from cattle

ornithosis from birds

rabies from inhaling dried feces of bats

cold

most common human disease

caused by rhinoviruses (113) or other viruses(80)

most common human disease

caused by rhinoviruses (113) or other viruses(80)

spread by direct contact mostly

during 1st three days of illness

Also spread by inhaling the virus

When someone coughs or sneezes

secondary infections often follow

antibiotics not effective

Avoid contact with cold sufferers

Wash hands after contact

Keep fingers out of eyes and nose

Avoid coughing or sneezing persons

Susceptibility requires weakened immune system

Central heating dries mucus membranes and causes colds

Cold or chills lead to a cold

If you treat a cold it will last longer

Drinking milk increases nasal mucus

You should feed a cold and starve a fever

Bacterial Sinusitis

Middle Ear Infections

Asthma Attacks

Bronchitis

www.commoncold.org

sore throat or strep throat

mostly caused by Streptococcus pyogenes

treated with penicillin

scarlet fever

rheumatic fever

endocarditis

glomerulo-nephritis

pneumonia

meningitis

otitis media

necrotizing fasciatis

most sore throats are viral

often confused with strep throat

may spread to epiglottis, nasal sinuses, eyes, and middle ear,

or become pneumonia

adenoviruses cause

tonsils or adenoids may have to be removed

symptoms like strep throat and mononucleosis

throat infection

DPT vaccine

otitis media...ear

myringitis ...tympanic membrane

sinusitis ...nasal sinus

conjuctivitis ...mucosa of eye

inflammation of lungs or

other parts of lower respiratory tract

caused by variety of infectious agents

also chemical irritants and allergies

pneumococcal pneumonia ...Streptococcus pneumoniae

mycoplasma pneumonia ...Mycoplasma pneumoniae

legionnaires’ disease ...Legionella pneumoniae

ornithosis ...Chlamidia pneumoniae

Q fever ...Coxiella burnetii

pneumocystis pneumonia... Pneumocystis carinii (fungus)

viral pneumonia ...viruses

orthomyxovirus

pandemic every 11 years

virus changes surface determinants so that antibodies do not recognize

slow progressing disease of lungs

1/5 of world population infected

20 million have symptoms

3 million will die this year

most deadly pathogen

whooping cough

DPT vaccine

varicella-zoster virus

mild rash in childhood

shingles in 20% of adults who have had chickenpox

new vaccine for chickenpox

viral disease

respiratory droplets and saliva spread

1.5 million die each year

MMR vaccine

swollen parotid glands

viral disease

respiratory droplets and saliva

MMR vaccine

german measles

mild viral disease

causes problems in fetuses when mother has rubella

MMR vaccine

Epstein-Barr virus

primarily young adults

soil pathogens

contaminated medical equipment

air conditioners

Q fever or anthrax from cattle

ornithosis from birds

rabies from inhaling dried feces of bats

dr brad ewart

involves antigen-antibody reactions

antibodies are large molecules

not cells

involves two types of living lymphocyte cell groups...

T lymphocyte group

null cell group

Th cells or helper T cells

Tdth cells or delayed type hypersensitivity T cells

natural killer cells

killer cells

also involved

not lymphocytes

monocytes that move out into tissues

inflammatory response

allergic contact dermatitis

develops 24-48 hours after exposure to antigen

original function

...defense against...

bacteria

fungi

viruses

poison ivy catechols

cosmetics

antibiotics

three types of cells involved...

macrophages

Th cells

Tdth cells

macrophages present antigens to Tdth cells

Tdth cells cause macrophages to release interleukin 1

Th cells release interleukin 2

interleukins 1 and 2 combine

activated Tdth cells

memory Tdth cells

lymphokines stimulate macrophages which produce the actual events of dth

migration inhibition factor...prevents macrophages from leaving area of inflammation

chemotactic factor for macrophages...

draws monocytes into area

causes rapid cell division

differentiation into macrophages

macrophage activating factor

ordinary macrophages become enraged macrophages

increases metabolic activity

increases number of lysosomes

tuberculin introduced in skin

if patient has tuberculosis antibodies...

red spot appears in 24-48 hours

this is delayed type hypersensitivity

does not mean patient has tuberculosis

further tests are required...X-rays

caused by activities of cytotoxic T cells (Tc cells)

Tc cells also have useful activities...

kill tumor cells

kill virus infected cells

but also kill transplanted cells

target cells are...

tumor cells

virus infected cells

transplanted cells

to prevent rejection various compounds are used to suppress Tc cells

patient is vulnerable to microbial infections and tumors

rejection is greater the more foreign the tissue

autograft...

one part of body to another

isograft...

between identical twins

allograft...

between unrelated members of same species

xenograft...

between two species

natural killer cells

killer cells

lymphocytes but neither T nor B cells

do not require antigen exposure

protect from viral infections and tumors

respond to lymphokines

found in patients with viral infections such as mumps, herpesviruses

null cells that kill tumor cells

do not require exposure to an antigen

activated by immune interferon

lymphokine released by T cells

null cells

Fc receptor on cell surface

kill any cell coated by antibody

even though cell has no prior exposure to antigen

lack of specific immune response to antigen

tolerance to self is most important

to be continued...

by dr ewart

the study of antigen-antibody reactions

preciptation

agglutination

mix soluble antigens and antibodies

cloudy precipitate means antigens and antibodies are joining

antibody must equal antigen

if too much of either...no precipitation

interaction between antibodies and particulate or cell bound antigens

antigens clump or agglutinate if they match antibodies

set of more than 20 proteins

interact with some susceptible cells

cause lysis of gram- bacteria

also many types of eukaryotic cells

gram+ not lysed but...

complement binds to walls

enhances phagocytosis

opsonins

antitoxins

neutralizing antibodies

antibodies that prevent adherence

in spite of capsules and fimbriae

bind to constant region of antibody

antibodies that bind to toxins

nullify their toxic effect

antibodies against bacterial...

pili and fimbriae

capsules

cell wall surface molecules

prevent adherence to host cells

prevent colonization

antibodies that bind to viruses

prevent absorption to host cell

alloantigens and alloantibodies

exist in some but not all members of a species

inherited

do not require antigen exposure as other antibody production does

mix drop of blood with anti-A serum

mix drop of blood with anti-B serum

if anti-A clumps then is type A

if anti-B clumps then is type B

if both clump then is type AB

if neither clumps then is type O

person receives transfusion of blood which he has antibodies against

antibodies bind to red blood cells

compliment binds and lyses the red blood cells

patient dies

antibody not inherited

requires exposure to antigen

named after rhesus monkey

85% have the factor

15% do not and are Rh-

2nd time they have produced Rh+ antibodies

may produce fatal transfusion reaction

Rh- mother has Rh+ offspring

first child has no difficulty

2nd child has EF because antibodies are formed

IgG can diffuse across placenta

natural...body produces for itself

artificial...received from outside

active...result of actual infection

passive...preformed antibodies

result of actual infection of the disease

may be...

lifelong …measles

few years ...influenza

no apparent immunity ...common cold

result of vaccine or toxoid

contains weakened organism or toxin

polio vaccine

tetanus toxoid

persons who had cowpox immune to smallpox

material from cowpox pustule gave immunity to smallpox

result of transplacental transfer or breast milk

IgG can cross placental wall

passive because

fetus does not produce antibodies

preformed antibodies received

usually from horses

tetanus antitoxin

gamma globulin after hepatitis exposure

harmful reaction of an antibody with its specific antigen or allergen

releases histamine from mast cells on which IgE is bound

allergen is antigen that causes allergy

Common Honeybee

Not Killer Bee from Africa

Its sting can cause Anaphylactic Shock

severe hypersensitivity

may be fatal

response to drugs such as penicillin

or insect venom...

wasp

bee

spider

Mast cells release large amounts of mediators.

Bronchioles contract.

Trap air in lungs.

Capillaries contract.

Blood pressure plunges.

Patient quickly dies.

Unless adrenaline given.

Antihistamines of limited value.

Inhaled--Ragweed Pollen

Injected--Insect Sting or Syringe

Ingested--Medications or Food

to be continued...

by dr ewart

resistance to a specific organism

acquired after contact with that organism

recognition of a foreign agent

ability to distinguish self from nonself

foreign agents are antigens

specific antibodies

bind to specific antigens

sensitized cells

kill cells they have been sensitized against

always large molecules

can be...

proteins

polysaccharides

glycoproteins

nucleoproteins

glycolipids

are free

examples...

are bound to something

may be bound to...

region of antigen to which antibodies bind

epitope is only small part of antigen

several regions on large antigen

different antibodies may bind to each

small molecule

too small to be antigen

can bind to large molecule

together they form antigen

penicillin may act as hapten

unites with serum protein in patient

that patient is allergic to penicillin

formed in response to antigens

always large proteins

composed of 2 types of polypeptide chains...

variable region

constant region...

IgG

IgA

IgM

IgD

IgE

most common

80% of antibodies

only one that can cross placental wall

transmits immunity to fetus

inactivates gram+ bacteria

monomer and smallest

found in body secretions such as...

largest antibody

pentamer structure

10 binding sites

first synthesized in response to antigen

kills gram- bacteria

found on surface of B lymphocytes

may help differentiate immune cells

very low percent in blood

monomer

binds to mast cells of host

responsible for allergies to...

3 types of cells required

all must work together

exception is T-independant antibody synthesis

macrophages or dendritic cells

engulf antigens

present them to T lymphocytes

produced in thymus

recognize and react with antigen

induce B lymphocytes to differentiate into antibody -producing cells

differentiate into plasma cells

actually produce antibodies

produces measurable antibodies in about 5 days

reaches peak in 2 to 3 weeks

after later invasion by same organism

produces antibodies in 1 to 3 days

antibody levels 10-15 times higher

results from memory B and T cells formed during primary response

immune system fails to recognize self

produces antibodies against it own cells

lack of IgA antibodies

repeated respiratory infections

one person in 2000

absence of mature B cells

lack of immunity

mostly in males

lack of B cells and T cells

victims do not live long

by dr ewart

host resistance

microbial virulence

balance usually favors host

health

disease

may be transient

eliminated without affecting host

may be stable

leads to infection

infection is growth of microbes on or in body

disease is infection that injures body

no infection…

no disease

innapparent infection …

carrier

mild acute symptomatic disease...

symptoms develop then disappear

severe acute disease...

debilitating or fatal

chronic infectious disease...

symptoms persist for months or years

latent infection...

pathogen dormant after recovery …

recurrences common

extracellular...

direct tissue injury

acute disease

sleeping sickness

intracellular...

injure host by triggering tissue responses

chronic disease

tuberculosis

attachment factors

toxic factors

antiphagocytic factors

spreading factors

adhesions ...attachment molecules

pili...gram- attach to mucous

capsules… target host tissues

host proteins… fibronectin and collagen

damage host

reduce host defenses

exotoxins

endotoxins

soluble proteins

secreted into surroundings

enterotoxins...diarrhea, vomiting

pertussis toxin...violent coughing

diphtheria

scarlet fever

botulism

tetanus

dysentery

cholera

whooping cough

cell walls of gram- bacteria

released when microbes disintegrate

white blood cells discharge chemicals

cause fever, pain, rash, drop in blood pressure

endotoxic shock

capsules

soluble antiphagocytic substances

prevent attachment of phagocyte

block digesting chemicals

strep and staph infections

leukocidin…

kills white blood cells

coagulase…

clotting at infection site

antichemotactic factor…

prevents chemotaxis

dissolve host tissues

allow microbes to spread through tissues

collagenase… skin, bone, cartilage

lecithinase… host cell membranes

hyaluronidase… connective tissues

fibrinolysin… blood clots

surface defenses ...nonspecific

phagocytic defenses ...nonspecific

immunity ...specific

mechanical

chemical

microbial

skin

mucous membrane

cilia

coughing, sneezing, epiglottis

hair

flushing

lacrimal apparatus

keratin for waterproofing

low pH

lysozyme in mucus, tears, sweat, saliva

fatty acids in sweat, earwax

mucin in digestive system

hydrochloric acids in stomach and vagina

sebum from sebaceous glands

normal flora compete with pathogens

produce acids

provide protective coatings

leukocytes devour microbes

two types of leukocytes

macrophages develop from monocytes

neutrophils most abundant ...usually first to reach infection

Leukocytosis

increase in neutrophils

due to infection

leukopenia

decrease in neutrophils

caused by gram- bacteria

chemotaxis

microbe attached and engulfed

surrounded by phagosome

lysosomes fuse with phagosome

form phagolysosome

chemicals kill and digest microbe

residual body holds indigestible material

waste material ejected

results from cut

or puncture wound

damaged tissues release chemicals

cause vasodilation

chemotaxis draws neutrophils

macrophages come later

ingest microbes and dead neutrophils

pus forms

from dead neutrophils, microbes, and tissues

acquired during lifetime

requires encounter with antibodies

specifically protects against single type of microbe

examples: diphtheria, measles, mumps

antibiotics

sulfa drugs

other chemical agents

chemicals produced by microorganisms

kill or inhibit other microbes

penicillin discovered in 1929

this is ampicillin...a form of penicillin

in crystalline form

of an effective

chemotherapeutic agent

selective toxicity

susceptibility of pathogen

spectrum of activity

adverse reactions

reaching site of infection

metabolism of drug in body

duration of treatment

interaction with other drugs

inhibit or kill microbe

do not harm patient

prokaryote microbes

eukaryote microbes

viruses

pathogens become resistant to drugs

pathogen tested for susceptibility

and drug resistance

broad spectrum drugs

narrow spectrum drugs

best is narrowest that is effective

broad spectrum may disrupt normal flora

shotgun therapy usually unwarranted

mild to fatal side effects

chills, fever, headache, nausea, rash

superinfection due to loss of normal flora

allow growth of opportunists

narrow spectrum drug can avoid

nervous system

abscesses

inside cells

route of administration

intravenous

intramuscular

oral

topical

pH in stomach

serum proteins

drugs metabolized or excreted

must be readministered

patient should continue taking drugs

other chemicals with antibiotics prolong effects

procaine, benzathine, probenecid

synergism

activity greater than sum of 2 agents alone

example: carbenicillin and gentamicin

tetracycline and penicillin

tetracycline and milk

metronidazole and alcohol

bacterial cell walls

plasma membranes

protein synthesis

nucleic acids

bacterial metabolism

prevent peptidoglycan synthesis

causes lysis

of bacterial cell

penicillin

cephalosporin

vancomycin

cycloserine

bacitracin

interfere with permeability

of cell membrane

bacterial membrane

eukaryotic membranes

attack prokaryotic ribosomes

do not harm eukaryotic ribosomes

chloramphenicol

erythromycin

tetracyclines

streptomycin

nalidixic acid inhibits dna replication

rifampin inhibits mrna transcription

metronidazole destroys dna of

protozoans and anaerobic bacteria

sulfa drugs

isoniazid

trimethoprin

antibiotics not effective against viruses

vaccines effective but not always available

amantidine

acyclovir

interferon

azt

ribaviron

antibiotics favor survival of drug resistant microbes

acquired by mutation or...

transfer of plasmids

drug resistant microbes become dominant

overuse of antibiotics

antibiotics in animal feed

use only proven drugs

identify drug resistant microbes

stop using antibiotics in animal feed

do not demand antibiotics for viral diseases

when antibiotics are prescribed take all the pills

by dr ewart

microbistatic

...inhibits growth

but does not kill

germistatic

bacteristatic

fungistatic

virustatic

microbicidal

...kills microbes

germicidal

bactericidal

fungicidal

virucidal

sporicidal

sterilization

disinfection

sanitization

antisepsis

eliminates all forms of life...

vegetative cells

spores

viruses

viroids

eliminates most pathogens

may not destroy...

endospores

mycobacteria

many viruses

disinfection

plus cleaning

food preparation

hospital instruments

destroys microbes

on living tissues

must not harm the tissues

milder than disinfectants

microbial susceptibility

number of microbes

concentration of agent

length of exposure

environmental conditions

bacterial endospores

mycobacteria

hepatitis B virus

fungal spores

vegetative bacteria

enveloped viruses

dust covered objects

fecal matter

pus

diluting weakens

low dose may inhibit growth

high dose may sterilize

longer the exposure

greater the likelihood of killing all

temperature

pH

moisture

blood, mucus, feces, tissues

biofilms

moist heat

dry heat

radiation

filtration

pasteurization

boiling

autoclaving

temperature holding pasteurization

144 degrees for 30 min

flash pasteurization

161 degrees for 15 sec

ultra high temperature pasteurization

311 degrees for 3 sec

100 degrees C

kills most bacteria

will not kill endospores

15 pounds/ square inch

kills endospores in 15 min

flaming

incineration

baking in oven at 170 degrees C for hours

ionizing radiation

ultraviolet radiation

microwave radiation

x-rays,

gamma rays

kill by damaging dna

kills bacteria

forms thymine dimers in dna

microwave ovens do not kill all bacteria

not a good means of sterilization

heating is uneven

cotton or gauze masks

cotton plugs

respiratory therapy filters

laminar flow hood

air flters for operating rooms and clean rooms

pore size 0.22 micrometers

removes bacteria

separates bacteria

from viruses and

fermentation products

sterilizing chemicals

disinfectants

antiseptics

ethylene oxide

hydrogen peroxide

formaldehyde

glutaraldehyde

very penetrating gas

toxic to humans

irritates skin

flammable

4-12 hours to apply and decontaminate

can be used as antiseptic

kills anaerobic bacteria

good for deep wounds

Formaldehyde

strong sterilizing agent and disinfectant

will kill endospores

glutaraldehyde

less irritating,

more effective

instruments and equipment

chlorine

iodine

alcohols

phenolics

quaternary ammonium compounds

chlorhexidine

heavy metals

ozone

comparison of disinfectants

to phenol

chemicals that are more effective than phenol

have coefficient greater than 1

2.0 =

twice as effective as phenol

chemicals less effective

have coefficient less than 1

0.50 =

half as effective as phenol

by dr ewart

noncellular biologic entities

obligate intracellular parasites

cannot live outside living cell

acquire nutrients

produce energy

make proteins

live independently

be filtered out of a liquid

core… nucleic acid

capsid… protein coat surrounding core

nucleocapsid=

nucleic acid+

capsid

either dna or rna

never both

genome of the virus

surrounds nucleic acid core

made up of capsomeres

dna

or rna

never both

single stranded dna

double stranded dna

single stranded rna

double stranded rna

segmented genome

influenza virus

8 separate pieces of rna

optional equipment in some viruses

surrounds nucleocapsid

stolen from cell membrane of host

may have spikes for attachment

infectious virus particle

always has nucleocapsid

may have

envelope and spikes

icosahedral

helical

complex

20 triangular sides

naked like adenovirus

enveloped like herpesvirus

naked helical rods

like tobacco mosaic virus

enveloped helix

like influenza virus

bullet shaped enveloped helix

like rabies virus

icosahedral head

helical tail

bacteriophages

animal, plant, or prokaryote host

dna or rna

single or double stranded

capsid shape and size

number of capsomeres

enveloped or naked

host specificity

attachment

penetration

uncoating

synthesis

assembly

release

attachment site on virus surface

receptor site on host cell surface

fit together like puzzle pieces

highly specific

antibodies cover attachment sites

fusion of envelope and host cell membrane

endocytosis and formation of endosome

releases viral nucleic acid

eclipse begins...no infectious particles

bacteriophages inject nucleic acids directly into cytoplasm

virus takes over host cell and directs it to make dna or rna

makes early proteins

causes the host cell to make capsids

late proteins assemble capsids, lyse host cell, and become part of envelope

virions are assembled

lysis of host cell

budding or exocytosis in enveloped viruses

papillomavirus

herpesvirus

hepatitis b virus

retroviruses

viroids

prions

naked rna

plant diseases

protein only

Kuru

Creutzfeld-Jacob disease

Mad Cow Disease

Scrapie in Sheep

Alzheimer Disease?

Technician at Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources digs into a deer head, extracting brain, tonsils and other structures that may carry diseased prions.

vaccination

sanitary conditions

quarantine

animal and arthropod vectors

antibiotics ineffective

acyclovir

...certain herpesviruses

AZT...HIV infected persons

interferon

protozoa

slime molds

algae

eukaryotes

single celled or colonial

not plant, animal, or fungus

eukaryotic

single celled

nonphotosynthetic

no cell wall...pellicle

range in size from bacterial to barely visible

trophozooite...feed and reproduce

cyst...thick walled resting stage like endospore of bacteria

pleomorphic...several different hosts or different trophozooite forms in tissues

longitudinal binary fission in flagellates

transverse binary fission in ciliates

multiple fission produces several progeny

budding similar to yeasts

sexual reproduction by conjugation

require external food source

osmotrophs

phagotrophs

phagocytosis

contractile vacuoles

does not reflect evolutionary patterns

based upon locomotion

sarcodina...amebas...pseudopods

mastigophora...flagellates...flagella

ciliophora...ciliates...cilia

sporozoa...nonmotile

pseudopods

asexual binary fission

amebic dysentery

foraminifera...calcium shell...white cliffs of dover

radiolaria...silica shell

flagella

undulating memberane

trypansomiasis...sleeping sickness

trichomoniasis...genital infection

giardiasis...intestinal infection

cilia

macronucleus...contains genetic info

micronucleus...conjugation

paramecium...free living

balantidium coli...diarrhea

lack motility

intracellular parasites

alternate sexual and asexual cycles

malaria plasmodia...100 million cases/year

toxoplasmosis...sexual in cat...asexual in humans

pneumocystis pneumonia

cryptosporidium causes diarrhea in AIDS

ameba like feeding stage...

multicellular spore bearing structure for reproduction

plasmodial slime molds...plasmodium stage

cellular slime molds

myxameba stage

chapter 12

eukaryotic

photosynthetic

unicellular and colonial

produce 1/2 earth’s oxygen

photosynthetic pigment

food storage...starches, oils, sugars, etc

cell wall composition

chloroplast structure

motility

reproduction

chlorophyta…green algae

euglenophyta..euglenoids

chrysophyta...diatoms

pyrrophyta...dinoflagellates

rhodophyta.......red algae

phaeophyta.....brown algae

green algae

oxygen producers

ancestors of plants

Chlamydomonas

protothecosis

no cell walls

between algae and protozoa

Euglena

diatoms

vitamin A and D

diatomaceous earth

poisonous species

dinoflagellates

oxygen producers

paralytic shellfish

poisoning

red algae

source of agar

food source in some countries

seaweeds

brown algae

seaweeds...kelp

food

fertilizer

alginate

by dr ewart

branch of biology concerned with